Job Roles in the Television and Film Industries

Introduction to Newspost

Your first post for the news assignment should focus, briefly, on the basics and key conventions of a news broadcast. Include clips and images where relevant.

Part 1 (using the broadcast you watched yesterday)

• Watch a news broadcast and state which one you watched, e.g., Look East Monday 18th March 6pm.
• What stories were covered and in what order were they shown?

   Conservative David Cameron announces he will open 3 more free schools, 2 in Norwich and 1 in Great Yarmouth if he wins the election. This has come under strong criticism from the largest teaching union, free schools are free from local authority control and Thetford: Wild Lynx         

• What happens in the starting sequence and why do you think the visuals and audio have been used?

  The title sequence involves an Earth shape edit, it broadcasts news from the East of England, and it’s shown with the names of cities in England. Scenes of local landmarks, labour and historical events: the Cambridge boat race is seen. We get these shots to show relevant parts of the East of England because it’s a show about the East of England watched by residents of the East of England.

Part 2 (referring back to the Anglia documentary you watched yesterday)

• Who are the newsreaders / presenters in the broadcast you watched? (Name, age, gender, etc.)

  
 Amelia Reynolds- a woman in her mid-forties, presenting the news singularly. 

• What is the role of the newsreader / presenter in a news broadcast?

The role of the newsreader/ presenter is to get the important topics across to the audience, in a slot of time and to report it clearly - avoiding vocal or grammatical hiccups.

• What skills are necessary for newsreaders / presenters?

The newsreaders/ presenters should be vocal, grammar wise and should be able to improvise if a new story is added without messing up.



Part 3 (using the Huw Edwards / BBC short video and your notes from the broadcast)

• What is meant by the term news ordering?

The order the stories appear on the programme, containing key details about each of the reports.

• What is the term given to the list of stories that will likely appear on the broadcast?

The term likely to be given to the list of stories likely to appear on a broadcast is a storyboard.

• Which story is likely to be shown first and how / why is it selected?

The 'David Cameron' story is likely to be shown first because it affects more people than the 'Thetford' story would.

The other stories - Thetford - are more local in the sense that they only affect the people in that place, the 'free schools' story affects more people also, so it would come before 'Thetford'.

• How do the other stories appear?

The other stories appear as little or no importance compared to the headlining story, these stories are the ones that affect a smaller group of people, where as the first story is probable to affect a wide range of people.

• Why is the ability to think and act quickly important in news?

The ability to think and act quickly is important in news because a story can develop and it's their duty to get it out as soon as possible - e.g reading it off the teleprompter.

• What is meant by the term 'slow news day'?

Slow news day means that they publish things of lesser meaning to anybody due to the lack of substantial news. 

• What is the final story often called and what is its function?

The final story is often called 'and finally' it's function is to let the audience know that they will be informed if any changes occur, it also gains more viewers as people will check in with the news story to see if there is any changes.

• What is meant by the term 'news values' and which G & R wrote about them?

News Values are guidelines used by media outlets e.g newspapers, news stations etc. to determine how much importance to give a story. G and R wrote 12 guidelines for a newsworthy broadcast, from frequency to data, 

• Find a topical example for each of G & R's news values.

• Frequency: These are the stories that are covered repeated such as, Terrorism.

• Familiarity: This is your local news/ national news or news that affects you, such as strikes (Buses, teachers, trains.)

• Negativity: This is the negative stories, such as murders, deaths or news that has a sad outcome to the audience. Like, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33159106 

• Unexpectedness: These are stories that are surprising and out of the ordinary, like natural disasters and accidents.

• Unambiguity: Stories that are clear and doesn't have more than one interpretation make for better copies. So stories from one point of view or straight forward.

• Personalization: Stories that can be empathized by the public, that involves human interest are favored over stories that have no human interest.

• Meaningfulness: An event that is considered relevant and important to the audience, stories that are local are more meaningful to those who live in that area. 

• Reference to elite nations: Stories that involve global powers and the more popular nations than the lesser nations. Like China, America etc.

• Reference to elite persons: This is the coverage on popular and high up people, like senators, presidents, rich and powerful people. Like, Barrak Obama, Km Jong Un etc.

• Conflict: Stories that are high in conflict are quite newsworthy, it's the opposition of people that in return causes dramatic affect. Like, Wars, Politics etc.

• Consonance: Stories that fit with the media's coverage and the media's readiness to report them, stories that defy them are less covered.

• Continuity: A story that is being covered, and new facts and stories are added to it. Stories like Politics, Wars etc.

• Composition: Stories that compete for coverage, so foreign news/ recent news is more likely to be aired or domestic news that affects the public.

• Competition: Competition may refer to competition against journalists to have their story covered or competition against news stations. 

• Co-optation: Stories that are less newsworthy but may still be aired due to their link to a larger newsworthy story.

• Prefabrication: A well written story that is not all that important or relevant will be selected over a story that is more newsworthy but not researched. .

• Predictability: An event is more likely to be covered if it has been pre- scheduled.

• Time constraints: This is the time slot for television, radio or newspapers to get their stories across, it is a limited amount and is meant to be reached.

• Logistics: The simplicity of getting the story and publishing it, determined on technical resources and reporters getting to the story. 

• Data: Is what you need to keep a story interesting, this is your facts, your knowledge of the story and the data itself makes the story more reliable and relevant.

Part 5 (using a broadcast you have found) -  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wWWu5l9-oE

• What was this story about?

Oxfordshire fires, 3 fires - originating in a burnt out car, in foyer of council building.

• Who is involved in the story?

A 47 year old man, who is said to be in connection and his being held until further evidence is shown.

Eye witness', Karl Shead, Ian Negus.

Katharine Da Costa 

• How are the people in the story represented?

Karl Shead is represented as the voice of an eye witness as is Katharine and Ian.

• How did you feel about the people in the news story?

I feel that they are presented easily, without their faces it doesn't take any of the light off of the fires at hand where as; showing their faces most probably would have.

• Was the news story narrativised? i.e., was there a construction of a narrative to help the audience follow the news event?

There was a construction of a narrative, the woman voiced the story over the clips vocally well, it started off showing you clips of the two story line then went into depth for both the Oxfordshire fires and BP job cuts.

Part 6 (using this site)

• Discuss bias through selection and omission - find an example

Bias by omission can be seen when a news story shows a study that proves a point but neglects to tell of other results or possible testing issues. Selection of sources can be like a news station doing a story about an election where they show polls that reflect most kindly to their selected candidate but neglect others.

• Discuss bias through placement / order - find an example

Placement can be seen on any newspaper. The story on top of the front page is considered more important than the bottom one. A story about a certain type of person can be on the front page but a similar story about a different type of person may be buried in the paper. E.g Race, class or gender.

• Discuss bias through headlines - find an example

Headlines are what capture your attention, they are often at the top of the page in a larger font that the rest of the text, headlines are sometimes misleading as they portray to be intriguing and important but turn out to be boring or irrelevant.

• Discuss bias through shot selection and camera angles - find an example

An angel of a picture taken of a person may portray them as good, bad, immature, mature and so on. The photo that is chosen by the newspaper is highly influential to the readers views on said person.

• Discuss bias through names and captions (how you describe a person) - find an example

Names and Captions often use labels or titles to describe someone in a story, like for criminals they conjure up a name that is often scary/ interesting. Like 'Jack the Ripper.'

• Discuss bias through use of language (phrasing and emotive language etc.) - find an example

The audience can be highly influenced by the tone of a reporters voice or positive/ negative things they hear or read about, or the connotation of how things are said. 

The Natures and Purposes of research in the Creative Media Industries

Primary research/self-generated research
What are some examples? Interview techniques, observations, questionnaires, surveys, types of questions, focus groups, audience panels, participation in internet forums (self-generated e.g., own video, audio or photographic records of events).

1. Define primary research

Primary research is research you find first hand and is original.

2. What did you do?

My primary research was going in search of people that related to my documentary.

3. List examples from your project.

The way I did this was emailing students/ teachers.
Attending LGBT meetings.
Coming up with a list of questions for the interviewees to answer.


Secondary research 
What are some examples? Books, journals, reference-based books and directories, periodicals, newspapers, film archives, photo libraries, worldwide web, searching internet forums, CD Rom databases, audio material, ratings, circulation figures, government statistics.

1. Define secondary research

Secondary research is research that already exists and is used to gather data for your project.

2. What did you do?

My secondary research was researching about homosexuality and observing the ways - if they did so- came out.

3. List examples from your project.

Searching the internet at young children that came out
Researching the pros and cons of coming out at a young age
Watched existing 3 minute wonders to see how they were constructed.
Formed a list of questions suitable for my documentary

“What was it like for you before you came out?”

“How did it feel to come out to everybody?”

“What’s it like now that you’re out of the closet?”

“Who did you struggle the most with telling?”

“Do people treat you different, if so how?”

“Would you encourage others to come out of the closet?”

Quantitative research
What are some examples? Programme ratings, readership circulation figures, hits on a website, box office figures, sales of CDs and DVDs.

1. Define quantitative research

Quantitative research is a logical and more exact research which involves precise statistics from the audience.

2. What did you do?

For my tv advert untit we asked for opinions on our advert, whether they liked it or not and reasons why? We collected the feedback by using Survey monkey – an online website that creates free, customizable surveys- for our finished advert, we gathered feedback that was helpful and received comments that ‘the whole rebranding idea’ was good, that the ‘advertising style fits and sells the product well’ and that it ‘showed imagination.’ The majority of our responses knew what the advert was selling and who it was aimed to, we did receive some negative feedback; saying that ‘the idea/narrative could have been clearer and more detail and thought could have gone into the mise-en-scene’ also, ‘it was quite slow and dull’ some of the negative feedback was focused on the ‘lighting’, ‘editing’ or ‘how are time was used.’ All in all, the majority of the responses liked the advert. 

3. List examples from your project.
Statistics on my questions, by looking at my questions you can see that two of them would give you numerical data. For example, '“Do people treat you different, if so how?”

“Would you encourage others to come out of the closet?'

Qualitative research
What are some examples? Film reviews, game reviews, fanzine websites, attitudes to media products, responses to news coverage, responses to advertising campaigns, discussion.

1. Define qualitative research


Qualitative research is about finding out not just what people think but why they think it. It’s about getting people to talk about their opinions so you can understand their motivations and feelings.

2. What did you do?

I researched why people agreed/ disagreed with teenagers coming out at a young age.

3. List examples from your project.

I searched the internet to find reasons why people were against coming out
Conducted interviews to find out also.
By looking at my questions, most of them would result in opinion answers such as, 'What was it like for you before you came out?”

“How did it feel to come out to everybody?”

“What’s it like now that you’re out of the closet?”

“Who did you struggle the most with telling?'

Data gathering agencies
What are some examples? Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board (BARB), Radio Joint Audience Research Ltd (RAJAR).

1. Explain what the BARB does.

BARB research and publish TV viewing figures. 

2. Search for either 'media research agencies' or 'data gathering agencies' and you will find a range of good examples.

IPSOS, a marketing company that explore marketing trends for the public.

Purposes of research: 

Audience and Market research 
What are some examples? Audience data, audience profiling, demographics, geodemographics, consumer behaviour, consumer attitudes, audience awareness; product market, competition, competitor analysis, advertising placement, advertising effects

1. What did you do?

I researched current lesbian and bisexual students and also watched a couple of 3 minute wonders to make sure my proposed ideas would fit with the current audience for both 3 minute wonders and also current teenagers who haven't came to terms with their sexuality.

2. Explain the audience research from your project.

I conducted some secondary research into my documentary by watching YouTube videos about teenagers coming out and also previously watched a film about a family's reaction to their son coming out called, 'Bridegroom.'


Production research
What are some examples? Content, viability, placement media, finance, costs, technological resources, personnel, locations.

1. What did you do?

I used a video camera, a tripod and a memory card to film my documentary. Location wise, i filmed in W16 and also the corridor, to show that the interviewee is an everyday teenager attending college.

I gathered talent releases that show the talents agree with being on camera. 

3MW Proposal and Research (Coming Out)

Ideas for a 3 minute wonder:

• Mental Health in the 21st century and How it affects teenagers
• Coming out - Young people's stories on coming out.

My choice of a 3MW is Coming out as a teenager. I plan on filming a handful of teenagers from college that has chosen to come out to their family and friends - whilst still so young, and how they dealt with it also; why it took them so long to come out in the first place. I will place a camera in front of my interviewees and they will answer the questions to the camera - during parts I am considering adding images of the interviewees as they grow with their permission.

My documentary aim is for a performative documentary and the genre is a mix between reality Tv and digital storytelling.

My Primary audience will be teenagers of the same age or maybe younger, who repress their homosexual feelings because they're too afraid or because people have drilled into their heads that it is 'immoral' or 'wrong'. Demographically it will be aimed towards both genders - as both boys and girls will be included in my documentary, sexuality wise I hope to include gay, lesbian and bisexual students and more if there is students with a different sexuality. As for religion I hope to aim this towards certain religions that believe being homosexual or having a different sexual orientation other than straight is wrong, that it isn't wrong and that there are young people that suffer at the hands of people like them - too afraid to except themselves or even drastic measures are taken like suicide. 

My secondary audience is for the parents and adults who might still repress their sexuality, it's for the families that reject their loved ones because of their sexuality.

The aim of my documentary is to get the message across that it is okay to be gay, that it isn't something that can be changed or repressed, I hope to change peoples minds - although it's a stretch. I want people to welcome their sexuality and not be brainwashed into thinking it is wrong, that it can be 'cured'. 

I will need to film in classrooms or maybe even outdoors, I wouldn't need to travel to a location or various as It will be filmed in the college because the message is from college students.

Students from my college will need to be part of my production - students who are gay, lesbian or bisexual, I won't need any other crew as the production will just be me with a camera and my interviewee. I want it to be comfortable and simple.

Example questions:

“What was it like for you before you came out?”

“How did it feel to come out to everybody?”

“What’s it like now that you’re out of the closet?”

“Who did you struggle the most with telling?”

“Do people treat you different, if so how?”

“Would you encourage others to come out of the closet?”

I will need a video camera, a tripod and a memory card, all of which is in college and none of which will need to be brought.

There is no budget as I wont be purchasing anything.

Research:

Recently, it was announced that all states of America legalized gay marriage, although some of the states are campaigning to revoke the law in their state/county.

http://www.hrc.org/youth/view-statistics/#.VZP3oPlVhBc (Here, you can see the statistics for coming out - in america.)

http://radaronline.com/photos/celebs-who-have-come-out-as-gay-or-bisexual/photo/821966/  (Here, is a list of celebrities that have came out as either gay or bisexual)

Youth find it easier to come out if celebrities - mainly their idols- come out, because it gives them the sense that it would be alright.

Shows like Orange is the New Black, help teenagers and adults come to terms and also gives them some knowledge of what it's like to be a - lesbian - or other, shows like these influence people to come out or to experiment with their sexuality.



Films with gay themes, deal with the problem of coming out whether you're a teenager or an adult - like these films, (But, I'm A Cheerleader...) and (Imagine, me and you)



BIAC, deals with a girl who goes to a rehab for homosexuals. Although it is a comedic out look on the type of place, there are places out there that believe they transform people 'straight'.

http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_evan.htm

Documentary Formats

• What is a documentary? How would you define 'documentary'?

A documentary is a film or motion picture that is based of non-fiction to give to portray something of reality, to maintain a historical record and teach people about the certain topic.

• Identify the key features of expository documentaries
• Provide your own example of an expository documentary.

The key features of an expository documentary is that it speaks directly to the viewers in the form of an authoritative commentary employing voiceover or titles, proposing a strong argument and point of view. The films are rhetorical and ususally try to persuade the viewer, the commentary often sounds 'god-like' and 'omniscent' also, often objective.
America's most wanted is a form of expository documentary, the show's purpose is to profile and assist law enforcement in the apprehension of fugitives wanted for numerous crimes, including murder,rape, kidnapping, child molestation, white-collar crime, organized crime, armed robbery, gang violence, and terrorism, and also many of whom are currently on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

• Identify the key features of observational documentaries
• Provide your own example of an observational documentary

The key features of an observational documentary are that they attempt to observe simply and spontaneously, the public's lived life with as little intervention as possible. What makes these forms of films possible is the mobile lightweight cameras and portable sound equipment. It aims for immediacy, intimacy and revelation of individuals character is everyday life.

War Photographer is a form of observational documentary, it is about the photographer James Nachtwey. As well as telling the story of an iconic man in the field of war photography, the film addresses the broader scope of ideas common to all those involved in war journalism, as well as the issues that they cover.

• Identify the key features of Interactive documentaries
• Provide your own example of an interactive documentary 
• Discuss how access and privacy can affect a production (Releases and permissions) 

The key features of interactive documentary stays away from traditional forms of media such as, video, audio and photographic by applying a full complement of multimedia tools. Instead it provides documentarians with a unique medium to create non-linear productions that combine photography, text, audio, video, animation and infographics. 
Clouds over cuba is a form of interactive documentary it is an immersive experience that documents the full story of the Cuban Missile Crisis in riveting detail, beginning in 1959 when Soviet missiles were discovered in Cuba and continuing on until the missiles are removed in October 1962. In addition, users get a chance to navigate a thought provoking fictional “What if” scenario, showing how the world might be different today had the crisis had escalated into nuclear war.
Access and Privacy can affect a production if the basis of production is about serious topics like, the government, police investigation or the privacy of individuals, as it would take time and money to access certain forms and to gain verification to use them in the documentary.

• Identify the key features of reflexive documentaries 
• Provide your own example of an reflexive documentary 

The key features of reflexive documentary are that instead of seeing themselves as a transparent window on the world, instead they draw attention to their own constructedness and the fact that they are representations. They question the authenticy of documentaries and is highly skeptical of realism. They may defamilairize what we see and how we see it.
Louis Theroux is a great example of an reflexive documentary filmmaker, he has a wide range of documentaries based on a variation of different topics from: Porn to UFO's, where he interviews individuals to provide views on the topic.

• Identify the key features of performative documentaries 
• Provide your own example of an performative documentary 
• Discuss the use of dramatisations and re-enactments in performative documentaries e.g. why are they used and what are the implications of including them?

The key features of performative documentaries stress subjective experience and emotional response to the world. They are strongly personal, unconventional, perhaps poetic and/or experimental, and might include hypothetical enactments of events designed to make us experience what it might be like for us to possess a certain specific perspective on the world that is not our own. Performative docs often link up personal accounts or experiences with larger political or historical realities.
An inconvient truth is a form of performative documentary, it is about former United States Vice President Al gore's campaign to educate citizens about global warming via a comprehensive slide show that, by his own estimate made in the film, he has given more than a thousand times.






They use dramatisation and re-enactments is to provide an image of what happened for the viewers and to help aid to tell the story, the problem and implications with including these are that they sometimes cloud the truth and put a spin on certain topic as it is seen more like a film instead of a documentary, therefore the dramatisation can affect the topic of documentary.

• What is your documentary filmmaking philosophy?
• Do you think that a documentarist has a contract with the viewer to present them them with truth and authentic information? E.g., do you believe that the 'ends justify the means' is an appropriate for documentary filmmakking?

I believe that a documentarist does have a contract with the viewer to present them with the truth and authentic information however, i also believe that to gain the truth if they have to do some unethicall things such as undercover filming like; Panorama, or lying, or may in the end twist the truth to provide a good outcome for the documentary, then it does justify the means. As long as it gives the viewers a helpful and clear outlook on the topic at hand and doesn't stray to far away from the moral compass.

Pre Production Paperwork

Editing techniques

The History Of Editing.

The first moving image production was shown to the public in 1895. There were no methods of editing the sequence that was created, any "effects" would have to be done in-camera, as in there at the time of filming, leading to the technique being very limited in what could be done. The first film to utilize what today we consider post-production was directed by Robert W. Paul and was entitled Come Along, Do!, released in 1898. The film was the first of its kind as it features more than one shot and therefore showcasing the technique of editing shots into sequences. 

Since then things have changed drastically. When editing techniques were further perfected a widespread method was adopted. As all moving picture productions were recorded on film it was edited using the film. A copy of the footage would be made, called the positive, as film was created as negative. The positive of the film would then be edited.One of the transitions, still used in modern day film making, is called a cut. This is where one scene ends and the next scene immediately starts. The term "cut" comes from the older days of editing in which film would have to physically be cut by a person, or machine, and then taped back together to create the effect.

After the takeover of non-linear editing systems, editing footage on computers, the role of linear editors, cutting clips manually, became more and more redundant as more people were looking to digitize their productions. The linear method of film editing is still going however it is a lot less popular than it used to be due to technological advances. Since the improvement of non-linear editing systems, various different techniques have become more popular. Nowadays the majority, if not all, editing work on movies is done digitally through a video editing software such as Adobe's Premiere Pro, or Sony's Vegas to name a few. A final technique which is still used today is in-camera editing where all the effects are performed live, for example an explosion effect can be loaded and set in-camera so when they start rolling it can be triggered and can be seen. The opposite of this would be editing the explosion in after. Although this is still used today it is not as common as adding effects in post-production is generally cheaper and can be timed perfectly and edited if needed.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editing)

Establishing Shot 

An establishing shot is a shot that establishes a place or a setting, it's used to bring in the setting around the actors and give the audience more knowledge if the scene. In my video there was two, establishing shots- one at 0:15 and another at 4:12.

Transitions

Transitions can be done for various effects, it is literally impossible not to have transitions in any sort of film. Transitions help to build up suspense and keep the audience on the toes. I unfortunately don't have any in my short video but, here is an extract from Inception; it has many transition shots throughout the film.



180 Rule
The 180° rule is a basic rule in film making and should be generally stuck to unless the director wanted to deliberately break this rule for effect. The rule is that the camera should stay within 180° of the subject between cuts. If this rule is broken it can cause confusion and disorient the viewer.

Shot-reverse-shot 
A shot-reverse-shot is a film technique where a shot views the action from the opposite side of the previous shot, often used during a conversation on screen. In my extract from, Cruel Intentions, this technique is used between 1:38-1:40. This technique gives the audience, the feeling that they are watching from two angles of the interaction.

Match on action shot
A match on action shot is where you see a character performing an action at one camera angle and then the camera angle is changed to see them follow through the action. This shot can be done for effect, to keep the audience in suspense but it is mainly used to identify the person carrying the action. Between, 0:30-0:40 this technique is used to show a girl running in to the church and up the alter and back to the protagonist.

Motivated editing  
Motivated editing is where something happens in the preceding shot which affects the current shot. An example of this is a character points into the distance and then the clip cuts to show what the character is pointing at. One example of this could be a eyeline match. An eyeline match is a technique based on the premise that the audience will see in the next shot what the character is looking at in the current shot. From what I could see there was only one motivated edit shot, that was at 2:31.

Screen Time 
Often in moving image productions it is clear to see who the main protagonist of the piece is simply due to the amount of screen time they are given. Due to the short clip, the main protagonist seems to be Katherine (Sarah Michelle Gellar) although there was two other protagonist equally as important, 

Close Ups
Close ups are also used to indicate and give the audience a chance to identify the main protagonist(s). There is two scenes where a close up is shown, that is 0:57 and Close up of students face at 2:35-2:36.

Point of view shot
A point of view shot shows what a character is looking at. In my extract there is more than one point of view shot, that would be from Katherine at 1:54, 2:03 and 2:15. This gives the audience the sense that they are a part of the film and seeing the scene from the protagonists eyes, which makes them feel more like a part of the film.

Reaction shot
A technique used to portray to the audience who the protagonist of the scene is, it is to show the character's reactions to various events. You will find these techniques at 2:01, 2:11, 2:22 and 3:46, this technique (in my eyes) is placed to either empathize for the character or dislike them.

Shot variation
The clip I have chosen uses a wide variety of different shots to give different perspectives of the sequence such as a medium shot, close up, high shot, long shot, over the shoulder shot and eyeline  matches. 

Montage
A montage is when a series of short shots are filmed and rapidly edited together. Montages are often used to indicate the passing of time.

Providing and withholding information
Providing and Withholding information is a technique used by film makers to decide when it is the right time for the audience to find things out. Providing information to an audience does not necessarily mean that you find out information the same time as the protagonists on the screen. For example, Alfred Hitchcock once said " There's two people having breakfast and there's a bomb under the table. If it explodes, that's a surprise. But if it doesn't..." and that is a great example of providing information.

For example, withholding information is shown in the film The Sixth Sense Dr Malcom Crowe believes he is just living his normal life and dealing with a young boy called Cole who thinks he can see dead people. We discover that Dr Crowe is in fact dead too and he has been in denial about his untimely death. This is a good example of withholding information because we see subtle clues through out the film that Dr Crowe could be dead aswell (e.g. when Cole enters his house Dr Crowe is sitting with his Cole's mum but she does not acknowledge him). 

Parallel editing
Parallel editing (cross cutting) is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. There is no proof in my clip of parallel editing, although at 3:10 where the scene fades to a girl in a car, to me that appears to be happening at the same time however, it doesn't cut back to the previous scene. So, instead here's an example of cross cutting, in the film 'Silence of the Lambs.'   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts1x6uADFtM

Editing rhythm 
Editing Rhythm is the speed that the sequence is edited at. There is a steady rhythm of editing throughout my clip, it's one of the more mellow and calm parts throughout the film. Here is a quicker paced scene, where the editing is faster. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxwuGQ6slhc

Construction of time and space of the story both diegetically and implied
This is when time is constructed using various techniques such as time-lapses. Diagetic & implied types of different ways to show the passing of time. Digetic is when we literally see time passing(time-lapses). Implied is if we see a character get onto a train in the day and get's off when it's dark we would assume that time has passed due to the fact that it's gotten darker in the scene. There is no sign of this technique, although throughout the whole fim I assume there would be chance of this technique coming up.

Cutting to soundtrack

Cutting to soundtrack is where the footage cuts in time with the music. The soundtrack starts to pick up from 1:15 throughout the whole clip, right until the edit when the edits start to show. The song from Cruel intentions was, Bittersweet Symphony.

Multiple points of view 

This is when several camera angles are used in quick succession to give us various points of view for the entire sequence. I don't believe this technique is used in this clip, so here is a extract from Iron Man. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWnCg88GmTI 

Cutaways 

A cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cut back to the first shot. 

Jump cuts 

A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly. This type of edit gives the effect of jumping forwards in time. 

Other edits that I haven't mentioned are listed below, these are variations of shots, angles and cuts:

Placed just behind her, Over the shoulder shot 0-15 seconds

Long Shot of Katherine, Zoom 0:21-0:23

Medium Shot of Katherine 0:31

Eye-line match of people leaving church 1:04

Tracking shot 1:16-1:26

Medium shot 1:25

Zoom in 1:27-1:29

Medium shot, camera movement with the use of a steady cam 1:31-1:37

Over the shoulder shot 1:37

2 shot medium close up, 1:45

Over shoulder shot 1:47

Reaction shot 2:01

Reaction shot 2:11

Reaction shot 2:22

Eye-line match 2:29

Over the shoulder 3:00

Fade to next shot 3:10

Track and tilt 3:12- 3:16

Cut to flashback 3:27

Cut to flashback 3:38

Cut to flashback 3:49

Over the shoulder 3:50

High shot 3:53

Dissolve from Flashback 3:54

Birds eye view and aerial shot 4:00

Sarah Michelle Gellar's screen-time was approximately 3 minutes